Publications & Reports

Gardens4Good shares publications and study reports that can help understand why food gardens can help improve our health and better protect our planet.

Quantifying the relationship between gardening and health and well-being in the UK: a survey during the covid-19 pandemic - BMC Public HealthBackground Rates of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression, are high and rising in the urbanising world. Gardening could improve both mental and physical health and help prevent a range of conditions by increasing fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, promoting physical activity, and reducing stress. However, good quality quantitative research in the area is scarce, and our understanding of the role of allotments and home gardens, and the effects of the level of engagement in gardening and involvement with food production has thus far been limited. Methods We quantitatively assess the relationship between home and allotment gardening and various indicators and predictors of health and well-being using an online survey of gardeners (n = 203) and non-gardeners (n = 71) in the UK. The survey was composed of multiple validated questionnaires (including the Short Form Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFFQ), the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), the Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and the Self-Rated Health question (SRH)) and self-defined questions relating to participants’ involvement with gardening and food production, and relevant demographic and lifestyle factors. Data were analysed using a series of hierarchical logistic and multiple linear regression models adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Results After adjusting for relevant socio-demographic factors, gardening related variables were associated with better self-rated health, higher mental well-being, increased F&V consumption. Higher F&V intake was in turn also associated with better self-rated health and decreased odds of obesity. Thus, gardening had a positive association with four different aspects of health and well-being, directly or indirectly via increased F&V consumption. Conclusions Our results suggest that gardening in UK allotments and domestic gardens may promote different aspects of health and well-being via multiple mechanisms. Improving access to growing space and promoting regular gardening could provide a range of benefits to public health. More research on how socio-economic factors influence the health and well-being benefits of gardening will help policymakers devise strategies to maximise these benefits.

High intake of fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of diverticular disease

Diverticular disease of the colon –risk factors and validation of diagnosis: https://openarchive.ki.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10616/48909/Thesis_Mahmood_Wael_Mahmood.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

High intake of dietary fibre from fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of hospitalisation for diverticular disease. Mahmood MW, Abraham-Nordling M, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Hjern F. Eur J Nutr. 2019 Sep;58(6): 2393–2400

The main benefits of biophilic design in buildings

https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5768/4/4/38

Caruso, L. Toward Regenerative Hospitality Business Models: The Case of “Hortel”. Tour. Hosp. 2023, 4, 618-641. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4040038

How Food Choices Impact on Male Fertility - Current Nutrition ReportsPurpose of Review Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting an association between nutrition and male fertility. Here, we have highlighted the impact of the various food groups on reproductive hormones and on spermatogenesis, and the effects of classical and latest dietary patterns such as Mediterranean diet, Western diet, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, and vegan/vegetarian diet on male fertility. Recent Findings Nutrients are the precursors of molecules involved in various body’s reactions; therefore, their balance is essential to ensure the correct regulation of different systems including the endocrine system. Hormones are strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the individual, and their alteration can lead to dysfunctions or diseases like infertility. In addition, nutrients affect sperm production and spermatogenesis, controlling sexual development, and maintaining secondary sexual characteristics and behaviors. Summary The consumption of fruit, vegetables, fish, processed meats, dairy products, sugars, alcohol, and caffeine importantly impact on male fertility. Among dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet and the Western diet are most strongly associated with the quality of semen. Nutrients, dietary patterns, and hormonal levels have an impact on male infertility. Therefore, understanding how these factors interact with each other is important for strategies to improve male fertility.
Identifying Key Benefits and Characteristics of Community Gardening for Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic ReviewVulnerable communities (including people from refugee, Indigenous, culturally and linguistically diverse, and low socioeconomic backgrounds) represent the most at-risk populations facing inequities and negative health, economic, and social outcomes. The recent COVID-19 pandemic both highlighted and fuelled these disparities. Community gardening has emerged as a community-based solution to address these inequities, yet the research literature has largely considered outcomes for the general population rather than those with the most need. This paper represents the first systematic review to summarise the evidence on the broad impact of community gardening on outcomes for vulnerable populations. A systematic search of 13 databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, Education Source, Education Resources Information Center, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection, SocINDEX, and Allied Health and Complementary Medicine Database) for English language articles from 1985 to 2022 was conducted. There were 33 studies identified where females were substantially overrepresented in the studies compared to males, and the main criteria for vulnerability included low socioeconomic-status and culturally diverse populations. Findings revealed that community gardening provides a wide range of benefits for vulnerable populations, with social connection, health, education, and nutrition being the more commonly cited. A relative emphasis on benefits of social connections, education, and nutrition is apparent for vulnerable populations in comparison to reviews considering the general population. The quality of studies was evaluated as moderate with little information provided about program characteristics. These shortcomings reduce the understanding of what characteristics are most likely to result in improvements and limit the capacity of practitioners to translate research into policy and practice for vulnerable communities.

The project “The Rooftop Garden” consists in the installation of urban gardens on the disused rooftops of municipal buildings and schools in Barcelona, for people with disabilities. About 170 people with different types and degrees of disability go to the vegetable gardens between one and two days a week depending on the entity. An investigation in 2018 [1], showed the benefits in the quality of life of the participants on issues such as self-determination, well-being (emotional, physical and material), social inclusion, personal development, and interpersonal relationships. In addition, the harvested products benefit both the users of the garden and their families, as well as people in need of food. Read more

Research findings indicate that a daily intake of less than 500 g of F&V can have long-term implications on human health. Conversely, studies have revealed that a significant proportion of the global population consumes less than 400 g of F&V daily.

Benefits of Fruit & Vegetables are scientifically proven on the planet (C. Reynolds)

Restitution of the European program "Fruit and Veg 4 Health"- November, 5th & 6th, 2020 - C. REYNOLDS (November 5th, 2020). // Restitution du programme européen "Fruit and Veg 4 Health" du 5 et 6 novembre 2020 - C. REYNOLDS (5 novembre 2020). ©Aprifel

Benefits of Fruit & Vegetables are scientifically proven on human health (E. Riboli & D. Weghuber)

Restitution of the European program "Fruit and Veg 4 Health"- November, 5th & 6th, 2020 - E. Riboli & D. Weghuber (November 5th, 2020). // Restitution du programme européen "Fruit and Veg 4 Health" du 5 et 6 novembre 2020 - E. Riboli & D. Weghuber (5 novembre 2020). ©Aprifel

Household fruit and vegetable (F&V) production in allotments and gardens can provide sustainable access to nutritious food. The present study demonstrates that UK household F&V production supplies more than half of the vegetables and potatoes and 20% of the fruit that growers consume annually. Importantly, study participants ate 6.3 portions of their recommended 5-a-day F&V (70% higher than the UK national average), and their wasted F&V was 95% lower than the national average. This provides key evidence to demonstrate the role household F&V production could play in providing access to fresh F&V, which is key to a healthy, food-secure population. Full Study

The affordability of a healthy diet is becoming more critical to households living in peri-urban and rural areas because they rely more on food purchases. In the 11 African countries studied, despite the lower cost of a healthy diet in these areas, affordability is still lower than in urban centres. Low-income households living in peri-urban and rural areas are especially disadvantaged, as they would need to more than double their food expenditure to secure a healthy diet. Full Report

High-quality social connections are essential to our mental and physical health and our well-being. Social isolation and loneliness are important, yet neglected, social determinants of the health of older people. Social isolation and loneliness are widespread, with some countries reporting that up to one in three older people feel lonely. A large body of research shows that social isolation and loneliness have a serious impact on older people’s physical and mental health, quality of life, and their longevity. The effect of social isolation and loneliness on mortality is comparable to that of other well-established risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Social isolation and loneliness are increasingly being recognised as a priority public health problem and policy issue for older people. Full Report

Sixteen Urban Food Systems - United Nations, 2022

This report summarizes the major outcomes of the dialogues that were conducted by more than 26 local governments and brought together about 1000 stakeholders under the partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability in contribution to the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021. Full report

The report highlights typologies, practices, scopes, benefits and providing recommendations and guidance. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is increasingly recognized as a key component of the resilience of City Region Food Systems (CRFS) as it diversifies food supply chains, improves the livelihood of city dwellers, and brings about multiple benefits to sustainable urban development through local food production and short supply chains. Full report

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) case studies – Overview, conclusions and recommendations

This report contains six case studies on UPA from across the globe, which provides an overview of impacts and the key requirements of a broad range of typologies and practice. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is a vital strategy for building the resilience of cities’ food supply, reducing poverty and increasing employment, improving nutritional outcomes, and mitigating environmental degradation of urban spaces. While UPA is no silver bullet, when combined with effective city-region planning, the food system can more effciently meet the needs of diverse actors in urban areas. Full report

Rooftop agriculture (RA) is a building-based form of urban agriculture that includes both protected and nonprotected farming practices, such as rooftop greenhouses as well as open-air rooftop gardens and farms. The use of underexploited urban spaces on buildings for farming purposes is considered a useful strategy for targeting global concerns (e.g., the limitations in food security and land access, impacts of climate change or social exclusion). The results present the global distribution of different RA types over time, their diverging farming purposes and further characteristics (such as farm sizes, building typologies, growing systems, products and reported yields, activities, implementation of resource-efficient practices, or economic and social activities). Full research