Academic Research on Vegetable Gardens' Benefits

Gulyas, Boglarka Z., and Jill L. Edmondson. "The contribution of household fruit and vegetable growing to fruit and vegetable self‐sufficiency and consumption." Plants, People, Planet 6.1 (2024): 162-173.

Societal Impact Statement

Household fruit and vegetable (F&V) production in allotments and gardens can provide sustainable access to nutritious food. The present study demonstrates that UK household F&V production supplies more than half of the vegetables and potatoes and 20% of the fruit that growers consume annually. Importantly, study participants ate 6.3 portions of their recommended 5‐a‐day F&V (70% higher than the UK national average), and their wasted F&V was 95% lower than the national average. This provides key evidence to demonstrate the role household F&V production could play in providing access to fresh F&V, which is key to a healthy, food‐secure population.

Summary

Improving access to and consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) is crucial to a healthy and food‐secure population, as current low intakes are linked to high rates of non‐communicable diseases, premature death and increased healthcare costs. Household F&V production could improve diet quality and food system resilience, however, quantitative evidence for its potential is limited.

We studied year‐long F&V production, purchases, donations and waste in UK food‐grower households (N = 85) using a food diary approach.

Median year‐round household self‐sufficiency was 51% in vegetables, 20% in fruits and 50% in potatoes. The median daily per capita F&V intake was 507 g, which is the equivalent of 6.3 portions of F&V and 70% higher than the UK national average. On average, own production accounted for half of each household's annual 5‐a‐day F&V requirements. F&V waste was negligible, equivalent to 0.12 portions per day and 95% lower than the UK average F&V waste.

We demonstrate that promoting household F&V production could improve food system resilience, diet‐related public health and sustainability.

Panțiru, I., et al. "The impact of gardening on well-being, mental health, and quality of life: an umbrella review and meta-analysis." Systematic Reviews 13.1 (2024): 45.

Background

Gardening and horticultural therapy (HT) has been widely recognised as a multicomponent approach that has affected a broad range of health and well-being outcomes. The aim of this umbrella review and meta-analysis was to compare the findings of previous reviews on the impact of multiple gardening interventions and gardening attributes on different well-being constructs.

Methods

Electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to December 2022. Interventional and observational reviews were eligible for inclusion in this umbrella review. Outcome measures included mental well-being, health status and quality of life. The key exposure variables were gardening and horticultural therapy. Narrative synthesis was used to evaluate the overall impact of gardening and HT on study outcomes. For a subsample of studies with available quantitative data, a random effect meta-analysis was conducted.

Results

This umbrella review included 40 studies (10 interventional studies, 2 observational studies, and 28 mixed interventional and observational studies). The reviewed studies reported an overall positive impact of gardening activities on several measures of mental well-being, quality of life, and health status. Meta-analysis showed a significant and positive effect of gardening and HT activities on well-being (effect size (ES) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23, 0.87, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Evidence from observational and interventional studies supports a positive role for gardening and HT activities on well-being and general health. Interventional studies with horticultural-based therapies were effective in improving well-being and quality of life both in the general population and vulnerable subgroups. The high degree of heterogeneity in the included studies cautions against any direct clinical implications of the study findings.

Galhena, Dilrukshi Hashini, Russell Freed, and Karim M. Maredia. "Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing." Agriculture & food security 2 (2013): 1-13.

Abstract

With the global population expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050, there is a continuous need to increase food production and buffer stocks. In this scenario, countries around the world, especially developing countries where the pervasiveness of hunger and food scarcity is more acute, are resorting to various counter strategies to meet the growing demand and to avert food insecurity and famine. Over the recent years there has been growing interest to strengthen and intensify local food production in order to mitigate the adverse effect of global food shocks and food price volatilities. Consequently, there is much attention towards home gardens as a strategy to enhance household food security and nutrition. Home gardens are an integral part of local food systems and the agricultural landscape of developing countries all over the world and have endured the test of time.

Through a rigorous literature review, this paper first examines definitions and characteristics of home gardens and then provides a global review of their social, economic, and environmental contributions to communities in various socio-economic contexts. Many of the compositions on home gardens share research and experiences of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These studies recognize positive impacts of home gardens towards addressing food insecurity and malnutrition as well as providing additional benefits such as income and livelihood opportunities for resource-poor families and delivering a number of ecosystem services. However, only a handful of case studies were found on post-crisis settings. While providing a general overview of some of these studies, this review investigates the home garden experiences of post-conflict Sri Lanka, where home gardening has been practiced for centuries. While emphasizing multiple benefits, we also highlight constraints to home garden food production. In conclusion, we emphasize the need for more research and empirical data to appraise the role of home gardens in crisis and post-crisis situations, as well as assessing their economic value and their impacts on food security, nutrition, economic growth, and gender issues.

Clatworthy, Jane, Joe Hinds, and Paul M. Camic. "Gardening as a mental health intervention: A review." Mental Health Review Journal 18.4 (2013): 214-225.

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that gardening provides substantial human health benefits. However, no formal statistical assessment has been conducted to test this assertion. Here, we present the results of a meta-analysis of research examining the effects of gardening, including horticultural therapy, on health. We performed a literature search to collect studies that compared health outcomes in control (before participating in gardening or non-gardeners) and treatment groups (after participating in gardening or gardeners) in January 2016. The mean difference in health outcomes between the two groups was calculated for each study, and then the weighted effect size determined both across all and sets of subgroup studies. Twenty-two case studies (published after 2001) were included in the meta-analysis, which comprised 76 comparisons between control and treatment groups. Most studies came from the United States, followed by Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Studies reported a wide range of health outcomes, such as reductions in depression, anxiety, and body mass index, as well as increases in life satisfaction, quality of life, and sense of community. Meta-analytic estimates showed a significant positive effect of gardening on the health outcomes both for all and sets of subgroup studies, whilst effect sizes differed among eight subgroups. Although Egger's test indicated the presence of publication bias, significant positive effects of gardening remained after adjusting for this using trim and fill analysis. This study has provided robust evidence for the positive effects of gardening on health. A regular dose of gardening can improve public health.

Lindemann-Matthies, Petra, and Hendrik Brieger. "Does urban gardening increase aesthetic quality of urban areas? A case study from Germany." Urban forestry & urban greening 17 (2016): 33-41.

Abstract

We tested in two corresponding studies the hypothesis that urban gardening is of visual aesthetic value to the public. With the help of photo-realistic visualizations and a written questionnaire, 109 students and employees of the Karlsruhe University of Education (study 1) and 200 passers-by in the city of Karlsruhe (study 2) were asked about their opinion on different urban gardening scenarios, and attitudes towards urban gardening. Our results indicate that urban gardening can contribute to perceived attractiveness of urban areas, but that not all approaches are perceived as equally positive. While flowerbeds or flower meadows and orderly-managed vegetable plots, in comparison to conventional lawns, increased the aesthetic appeal of urban green space, container gardening approaches, which were often characterized as chaotic, did not. Although flower scenarios were preferred over vegetable scenarios, participants were rather positive about the idea of having more vegetable plots around. Socio-demographic variables had only minor influences on preferences and attitudes. As people were fonder of flowerbeds or flower meadows than of vegetable plots, a mixture of both might be advisable in urban gardening sites. This would also increase overall diversity, which is not only beneficial from an aesthetic, but also from an ecological point of view.

Torrijos, Verónica, Domingo Calvo Dopico, and Manuel Soto. "Integration of food waste composting and vegetable gardens in a university campus." Journal of Cleaner Production 315 (2021): 128175.

Abstract

Local composting (household, community and small scale applications) is considered a sustainable option for bio-waste recovery and is receiving increasing demand from society. Higher education institutions are no exception, but detailed and comprehensive long-term studies on composting programs on university campuses are lacking. The local composting program of the University of A Coruña (UDC) offers a decentralized service for the treatment of food waste from 11 university canteens using static and dynamic composters located in 9 different composting areas. Considering the three pillars of sustainability, this work describes the characteristics of the different composting technologies used and their investment and operational costs, the routine monitoring process and product quality, the integration of the composting systems as living labs for biotechnology and environmental engineering courses, and the use of compost in the university vegetable gardens. The agents involved in the project are the canteen staff, the university gardening company, external composting operators, university researchers and teachers, sustainability scholarship students and volunteer people. Organic waste is usually delivered directly by canteen staff to composters. The gardening service provides green waste from UDC campus (crushed pruning) that is used as bulking material. The monitoring and maintenance of the composting areas is currently in charge of external staff provided by a local NGO dedicated to cooperation and job reintegration of the unemployed. The service also allows the incorporation of volunteers and scholarship students as operators and process monitoring supervisors. The main result of this project was the prevention of a large amount of waste that did not require collection and transportation, or disposal or incineration. This is being done in an economically sustainable way, as decentralized composting costs have been lower than the average costs of municipal solid waste treatment in the region. The lower investment costs of static composters largely offset the higher labour costs and result in lower overall costs than those of the dynamic composter. The dissemination of composting practice to society was another important outcome of the project.

Cleveland, David A., et al. "The potential for urban household vegetable gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions." Landscape and Urban Planning 157 (2017): 365-374.

Abstract

We carried out a life cycle assessment to model the potential for alternative household vegetable gardens (AHHVGs) to mitigate global climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for Santa Barbara County, California, USA. Our model included changes in GHGE due to the effect of creating an AHHVG for five components: reduction of lawn area due to replacement by the AHHVG; reduction of vegetables purchased from the conventional agrifood system due to replacement by vegetables produced in the AHHVG; reduction in amount of greywater exported to treatment facilities due to diversion to irrigate the AHHVG; reduction in amount of household organic waste exported to treatment facilities due to diversion to composting at the household level for application to the AHHVG; and composting organic household waste for use in the AHHVG. We found that AHHVGs could reduce emissions by over 2 kg CO2e kg−1 vegetable, but that results were sensitive to the range of values for the key variables of yield and alternative methods for processing household organic waste. In our baseline scenario (50% of single-family households with an 18.7 m2 AHHVG, providing 50% of their vegetable consumption), AHHVGs contributed 3.3% of the GHGE reduction goals of unincorporated Santa Barbara County for 2020, 0.5% of the goals for the City of Santa Barbara for 2050, and by extrapolation, 7.8% of the goals for California for 2020. Our results could provide an incentive for governments to include support of AHHVG as part of climate mitigation strategies, and for households to grow vegetables in AHHVGs to address climate change.

Di Pietro, Francesca, et al. "Community gardens and their potential for urban biodiversity." The urban garden city: Shaping the city with gardens through history (2018): 131-151.

Abstract

The aim of this research was to explore the potentialities of community gardens—a specific type of urban garden—in terms of urban biodiversity and ecological continuity in the city. We considered the three main scales of organisation of urban ecosystems: local individual habitat, intermediate urban landscape and the larger scale encompassing the entire urban area. The study site within the urban agglomeration of Tours currently contains 29 clusters of community gardens, mainly situated in three central municipalities of the urban area; 12% of the community gardens have disappeared over the last ten years due to residential and industrial urban development. Analysis of land tenure and morphological characteristics of the gardens highlighted that alongside a gradient of very varied gardens, two groups of community gardens can be identified, one more precarious situated on building land, the other established on non-building land in floodable areas, and on road and railway easements. Indeed, at the agglomeration scale half of the community gardens are located in high flood hazard areas and about a third are situated less than 100 m from a railway line or main road network. A measure of the potential ecological continuity of the urban green corridor provided by community gardens compared to urban green spaces shows that the loss of ecological continuity in the event of urbanisation of community gardens would be considerable. Relegated by urban pressure to areas of non-building land, some community gardens could play the role of a discontinuous ecological corridor due to their location along linear axes within the city: water courses, main roads and railway lines. However, the gardening techniques practised there can limit their capacity to contribute to plant diversity in the city.

Johnson, Michelle. Cultivating Community, Justice, and Solidarity through Gardening: A Case Study of Roseland, a Minority Community on Chicago's Southside. MS thesis. Chicago State University, 2018.

Chicago’s African American communities are some of the unhealthiest communities in the country and continue to face health, economic and social disparities because of structural racism. Racial solidarity once used to achieve social rights for African Americans has diminished in part because of the deterioration of their traditional communities. Gardening can be used to not only improve food access issues but mitigate racial solidarity needed to create healthy communities. Using the community of Roseland, Chicago- a predominantly African American community located on the far southeast side of the city, as a case study, along with participant observation and semi-structured interviews with nine key-participants of organizations using gardening projects, this research reported the ways community-based organizations use gardening and explored if they cultivated justice ideas with their gardening activities. The report concluded that community gardens in Roseland are being used mostly as a community development endeavor. However there are significant obstacles to overcome for community gardens in Roseland to live up to their full potential. 

Bailey, Aisling, and Jonathan Kingsley. "Connections in the garden: Opportunities for wellbeing." Local Environment 25.11-12 (2020): 907-920.

This study aimed to gain an insight into the ways in which community and allotment gardening may enhance wellbeing for people and place, within urban Melbourne, Australia. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants representing six community/allotment gardens. The findings suggest that community and allotment gardening enhance people’s wellbeing on a personal level mentally and physically, through social connectedness and community, and finally through connecting with the natural environment through the gardens themselves. These findings contribute to existing literature exploring community and allotment gardening predominantly based in North America and Europe by offering an exploration of an Australian context. Theoretically, these findings provide support for conceptualisations which acknowledge the interconnectedness and reciprocity of the wellbeing of people and place. Practically, these findings support the call for local government to ensure continuing access to land for facilitating community and allotment gardening.

Goraya, Nimrit, et al. "Kidney and Cardiovascular Protection Using Dietary Acid Reduction in Primary Hypertension: A Five-Year, Interventional, Randomized, Control Trial." The American Journal of Medicine (2024).

Background

High fruit and vegetable diets are associated with reduced chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease but are infrequently used in hypertension treatment. Low acid diets are also associated with reduced chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, and fruits and vegetables or oral sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) lowers dietary acid.

Methods

We randomized 153 hypertensive macroalbuminuric patients receiving pharmacologic chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease protection to get fruits and vegetables, oral NaHCO3, or Usual Care. We assessed the course of kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease risk indices over five years.

Results

Chronic kidney disease progression was slower in participants receiving fruits and vegetables or oral NaHCO3 than Usual Care [mean (SE)] [−1.08 (0.06) and −1.17 (0.07) vs. −1.94 (0.11) mL/min/1.73m2/ year, respectively, P’s< .001). Yet, systolic blood pressure was lower, and cardiovascular disease risk indices improved more in participants receiving fruits and vegetables than in those receiving NaHCO3 or Usual Care. These cardiovascular benefits of fruits and vegetables were achieved despite lower doses of pharmacologic chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease protection.

Conclusion

The trial supports fruits and vegetables as foundational hypertension treatment to reduce chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease risk.

Hallström, Elinor, Annika Carlsson-Kanyama, and Pål Börjesson. "Environmental impact of dietary change: a systematic review." Journal of cleaner production 91 (2015): 1-11.

Abstract

Global food production is identified as a great threat to the environment. In combination with technical advances in agriculture, dietary change is suggested to be necessary to reduce the environmental impact of the food system. In this article a systematic review assessing the environmental impact of dietary change is performed. The aims are to i) evaluate the scientific basis of dietary scenario analysis, ii) estimate the potential environmental effects of dietary change, iii) identify methodological aspects of importance for outcome and iv) identify current gaps in knowledge. The review includes 14 peer-reviewed journal articles assessing the GHG emissions and land use demand of in total 49 dietary scenarios. The results suggest that dietary change, in areas with affluent diet, could play an important role in reaching environmental goals, with up to 50% potential to reduce GHG emissions and land use demand associated with the current diet. The choice of functional unit, system boundaries and methods for scenario development and accounting for uncertainties are methodological aspects identified to have major influence on the quality and results of dietary scenario analysis. Further understanding of dietary change as a measure for more sustainable food systems requires improved knowledge of uncertainty in dietary scenario studies, environmental impact from substitutes and complements to meat and the effect of dietary change in different groups of populations and geographical locations.

Carroll, Chloe, et al. "Implementation and Impact of Health Care Gardens: A Systematic Scoping Review." Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine 30.5 (2024): 431-449.

Background: In community and school settings, gardens and garden interventions have been shown to confer several psychosocial, physiological, and nutritional benefits. However, little is known about the implementation and impact of health care gardens on patients, visitors, and staff health and well-being. The primary aim of this review is to identify and describe the types of gardens and common design elements implemented in health care settings and the impact these gardens have on the health and well-being of patients, visitors, and staff. A secondary aim is to assess the quality of available evidence.

Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were systematically searched on October 28, 2022. Primary qualitative and quantitative studies (excluding case reports and studies) were eligible for inclusion if they described the types of gardens and common design elements implemented in health care settings (hospitals, aged care, rehabilitation facilities, and medical centers) and/or assessed the impact of garden interventions on the health and well-being of patients, visitors, and staff. Review, selection, and data extraction were conducted by two independent researchers, with findings synthesized and presented in narrative form. Articles were critically appraised using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT).

Results: Eighteen articles were included. Eight studies provided detailed descriptions of the types of gardens implemented in health care settings (healing [n = 3], therapeutic [n = 2], sensory [n = 2], children's fairy gardens [n = 1], and enriched [n = 1] gardens). Studies examining the psychosocial impacts of gardens were most frequently reported (n = 16), followed by physical (n = 4) and nutritional (n = 2). A wide range of positive outcomes, predominantly relating to patients (n = 12), were reported, including improvements in stress, quality of life (QOL), cognitive function, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable intake. The evidence was heterogeneous and low-medium quality.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that implementing gardens and garden interventions in health care settings may positively impact the health and well-being of patients, visitors, and staff. Most studies related to the impact of gardens on patients' mental health and QOL, indicating the need for further research to explore physical and nutritional outcomes, as well as health outcomes of staff and visitors. Findings also suggest the need for high-quality study designs (e.g., cluster control trials) and standardized measurement tools.

Cleveland, David A., Thomas V. Orum, and Nancy Ferguson. "Economic Value of Home Vegetable." HortScience 20 (1985): 4.

Admittedly for many, the value of a home garden is more than economic savings. In situations where economics are of primary concern, however, the gardener must be aware of factors contributing to economic success. Variables affecting gardening success include manipulative and technical skill, efficiency of labor, climatic conditions, soil types, cropping patterns, scale of operation, and use of the product once harvested. The findings of this study indicate that the economic savings of a home vegetable garden is dependent on the value placed on labor, the size of the garden, and the productivity of the crops. If garden labor is considered as healthy exercise, a non-marketable item, and the garden is in the backyard, then labor and transportation can be excluded as gardening expenses. In this case a home garden can provide a savings based on the conditions in this study. However one must be at home most of the summer and have facilities for storing food not immediately consumed in order for savings figures to be realistic. Preserved food from the garden can increase savings when winter produce prices are high. For those with a rent-a-garden, transportation expenses can be an important economic concern when the garden is far from the residence. Travel expenses can quickly minimize or eliminate economic savings of a vegetable garden. Large, productive gardens and car pooling increases chances for making economic savings from distant gardens.

Tracey, Danielle, et al. "Identifying key benefits and characteristics of community gardening for vulnerable populations: A systematic review." Health & Social Care in the Community 2023.1 (2023): 5570089.

Vulnerable communities (including people from refugee, Indigenous, culturally and linguistically diverse, and low socioeconomic backgrounds) represent the most at‐risk populations facing inequities and negative health, economic, and social outcomes. The recent COVID‐19 pandemic both highlighted and fuelled these disparities. Community gardening has emerged as a community‐based solution to address these inequities, yet the research literature has largely considered outcomes for the general population rather than those with the most need. This paper represents the first systematic review to summarise the evidence on the broad impact of community gardening on outcomes for vulnerable populations. A systematic search of 13 databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, Education Source, Education Resources Information Center, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection, SocINDEX, and Allied Health and Complementary Medicine Database) for English language articles from 1985 to 2022 was conducted. There were 33 studies identified where females were substantially overrepresented in the studies compared to males, and the main criteria for vulnerability included low socioeconomic‐status and culturally diverse populations. Findings revealed that community gardening provides a wide range of benefits for vulnerable populations, with social connection, health, education, and nutrition being the more commonly cited. A relative emphasis on benefits of social connections, education, and nutrition is apparent for vulnerable populations in comparison to reviews considering the general population. The quality of studies was evaluated as moderate with little information provided about program characteristics. These shortcomings reduce the understanding of what characteristics are most likely to result in improvements and limit the capacity of practitioners to translate research into policy and practice for vulnerable communities.

Komati, Nathalie, et al. "Environmental impact and nutritional quality of adult diet in France based on fruit and vegetable intakes." European Journal of Nutrition 63.1 (2024): 195-207.

Purpose

To describe the nutritional quality and environmental impact of self-selected diets of adults in France in relation to their fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes.

Methods

Estimates of food and nutrient intakes were taken from the national INCA3 Survey on food intakes carried out in France in 2014–2015. The population (n = 2121 adults) was split into five quintiles of FV intakes, in g/d (Q1 representing the lowest intake, and Q5 the highest). The nutritional quality of diets was assessed through 4 indicators: mean adequacy ratio (MAR), solid energy density, mean excess ratio (MER) and Programme National Nutrition Santé guideline score 2 (PNNS-GS2). The environmental impacts were measured with environmental footprint (EF) scores and 4 additional indicators: climate change, ozone depletion, fine particulate matter and water use. Indicators were compared between quintiles. Analysis was conducted on diets adjusted to 2000 kcal.

Results

MAR and PNNS-GS2 increased with increased FV quintiles, while solid energy density decreased. Fibre, potassium, vitamin B9 and vitamin C densities increased with increasing FV intakes. Climate change, ozone depletion and fine particulate matter impacts of diets decreased with increasing quintiles of FV consumption. Conversely, water use impact increased.

Conclusion

Higher intake of FV is associated with higher nutritional quality of diets and lower environmental impact, except for water use. Given the benefits of fruit and vegetables for human health and the environment, their negative impact on water use could be improved by working on the agricultural upstream, rather than by changing individuals’ food choices and reducing their consumption.

King, Faith, et al. "Correlation Between Fruits and Vegetables and Mood." (2023).

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetables consumption and mental well-being. Soluble fiber positively affects the gut microbiota, which has an impact on mood. However little is known about the impact of eating fruits and vegetables on mood. An anonymous online survey was administered through a variety of social media platforms. The survey included basic demographic questions and questions on dietary practices. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze data in SPSS version 25.0. Findings suggest an increase in fruits and vegetables corresponds with an increase in better mood. Our results suggest there is an association between a healthier diet and increased mood. This strong connection can be attributed to the positive effect on the gut microbiota from ingesting soluble fiber.

Kitzman, Heather, et al. "The Fruit and Veggies for Kidney Health Study: A Prospective Randomized Trial." Kidney Medicine 5.12 (2023): 100736.

Rationale & Objective

Providing fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) to health care system patients with elevated urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) reduced ACR, slowed chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in previous studies. This study evaluated a community-based strategy in lower-income populations to identify African Americans with elevated ACR before health care system involvement and sustain them in a 6-month F&V protocol with (F&V + Cook) and without (F&V Only) cooking instructions, with the hypothesis that adjuvant cooking instructions with F&Vs would further reduce ACR.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized, parallel 2-arm design.

Setting & Participants

African American adults with ACR >10 mg/g creatinine randomized to 1 of 2 study arms.

Interventions

Two cups/day of F&Vs with or without cooking instructions in participants followed 6 months.

Outcomes

Participants sustaining the F&V protocol and between-group indicators of CVD risk, kidney injury, and dietary intake at 6 weeks and 6 months.

Results

A total of 142 African American adults (mean age, 57.0 years; ACR, 27.4 mg/g; body mass index, 34.4; 24.9% CKD 1; 24.8% CKD 2; 50.4% CKD 3; 55% female) randomized to F&V Only (n=72) or F&V + Cook (n=70), and 71% were retained at 6 months. Participants received 90% of available F&V pick-ups over 6 weeks and 69% over 6 months. In the adjusted model, 6-month ACR was 31% lower for F&V + Cook than F&V Only (P = 0.02). Net 6-week F&V intake significantly increased and biometric variables improved for participants combined into a single group.

Limitations

Small sample size, low-baseline ACR, and potential nonresponse bias for 24-hour dietary recall measure.

Conclusions

These data support the feasibility of identifying community-dwelling African Americans with ACR indicating elevated CVD and CKD risk and sustaining a F&V protocol shown to improve kidney outcomes and CVD risk factors and provides preliminary evidence that cooking instructions adjuvant to F&Vs are needed to lower ACR.

Motuma, Aboma, et al. "Dyslipidemia and its predictors among adult workers in eastern Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study." Plos one 18.10 (2023): e0291665.

Introduction

Dyslipidemia is a modifiable major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Although, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in high-income countries has been well documented, there is dearth of information about the dyslipidemia among working adults in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among Haramaya University employees, in Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 university employees aged 20 to 60 years. Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Dyslipidemia was defined as unhealthy levels of one or more lipid profile such as high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides or total cholesterol. Data were entered into Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 16.1 software. Modified Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with its 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05.

Results

Of 1,164 participants, 59.6% participants had at least one lipid abnormality (i.e., 57.9% among men and 61.5% among women). Of which, 36.8% had high total cholesterol (TC), 21.6% had low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), 22.4% had high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and 32.6% had high triglyceride (TG). We found that overweight/obesity, sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, having hypertension and age 45 and above years were significant predictors of dyslipidemia. However, those who served fruit and vegetables more than five per day had significantly reduced prevalence ratio of dyslipidemia.

Conclusions

The high prevalent dyslipidemia among university employees is an important public health problem. Hence, tailored interventions to reduce overweight/obesity, hypertension, alcohol consumption and low fruit and vegetable intake have paramount importance to tackle dyslipidemia particularly among older age.

Hu, Weili, et al. "Impacts of regular consumption of grapes on macular pigment accumulation in Singapore older adults: a randomized controlled trial." Food & Function 14.18 (2023): 8321-8330.

Background

Oxidative stress is a key risk factor for visual impairment and consuming dietary antioxidant-rich foods may help in managing visual impairments. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the effect of dietary antioxidant-rich food including grapes on eye health in older adults.

Objectives

To assess the effects on macular pigment accumulation of regular consumption of grapes in Singapore older adults.

Methods

This was a 16 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-four Singapore older adults were randomized into regularly consuming either 46 g day−1 of freeze-dried table grape powder (the intervention group) or the same amount of placebo powder (the control group). Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), skin carotenoid status, advanced glycation end product (AGEs) status and dietary lutein intake were assessed every 4 weeks, and plasma lutein concentration, total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were measured every 8 weeks.

Results

A significant time effect (p = 0.007) was observed for MPOD, and this is largely attributed to the improvement in the MPOD for the intervention group, as a significant increase was observed only in this group (week 0: 0.56 ± 0.04 D.U.; week 16: 0.61 ± 0.04 D.U., p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (week 0: 0.26 ± 0.13 mM TEAC; week 16: 0.36 ± 0.20 mM TEAC, p < 0.01) and total phenolic content (week 0: 10.50 ± 0.44 mg L−1 GAE; week 16: 12.58 ± 0.55 mg L−1 GAE, p < 0.001) was observed for the intervention group only. In contrast, a significant increase in skin AGE status was observed in the control group (week 0: 2.47 ± 0.24; week 16: 2.99 ± 0.12, p < 0.05) while this was mitigated in the intervention group. There were no differences in dietary lutein intake, plasma lutein concentration and skin carotenoid status between groups throughout the study.

Conclusions

Regular intake of grapes may improve eye health in Singapore older adults, specifically in augmenting MPOD, which can be explained by an increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, and the downregulation of AGEs. This study was registered at clinicatrials.gov as NCT05064865.

Gardening benefits in the media